Sensitive Periods

The term â€Å"Sensitive Period† was first used by Hugo De Vries, a Dutch botanist and geneticist who spent much of his life researching animal development. His work largely related to the development of animals. He found that in nature different species show a higher sensitivity to learn a specific skill at a particular period in their lives. Hugo De Vries observed the lifecycle of the Prosthesis Butterfly. His work examined the first sensitive period in the early phase of development.He noted that the Prosthesis Butterfly laid its eggs on the bark of a tree. From these eggs emerged tiny caterpillars with an innate desire to feed. The mouth parts were so small they could not feed on the tough parts of the leaf they began to crawl towards light and by doing this; they found themselves on the softer side of the leaf where they could manage to eat the softest and most tender leaves. As the caterpillars had no experience in choosing food, they held an inherent instinct. Hugo De V ries asked himself, how do caterpillars know where to go?He came to discover that the caterpillars had sensitivity for light, going to the tip of the leaf meant going toward the light. He then experimenting with caterpillars in a room with a little window, and when he introduced light through the window, the caterpillars went in that direction. After the caterpillars became larger, he conducted the same experiment and found that the caterpillars no longer moved towards the light in the window. So this confirmed that once they were large enough to eat any part of the leaf they didn’t need this sensitivity to light anymore.Maria Montessori, with extensive observational studies with young children from concluded that human beings too show the same characteristics. There are definite sensitive periods in children's lives during the first plane of development when they are extra sensitive to particular stimuli in their environment. Children absorb this opportunity and through repe ated experiences master the skills. These skills will help the child build up the characteristic of a human being and if unhindered in their development will allow a person to reach their full potential.After a certain period of time the sensitivity for the various stimuli pass and if during this period a child was unable to receive the necessary stimulus or is hindered in practicing the necessary skills needed, after the age of six; it would be very difficult or even impossible for that child to learn those skills later on in life. The absorbent mind takes in everything around in with equal importance. If we had only an absorbent mind all the information we received would be equally important. Every thing would demanding attention for our brain and would be in a state of chaos.Because of the sensitive periods that are ‘windows of opportunities’ where some information is absorbed more than other information, like a flashlight shining on certain periods or like a camera zooming in and focusing on a detail and is like a power that directs the mind to a certain type of stimuli and helps the child learn with great ease and passion about it. Once the information has been gathered, the sensitive period passes. â€Å"These are like a beam that lights interiorly, or like a battery that furnishes energy. It is this sensibility that enables a child to come into contact with the external world in a particular intense manner.At such a time everything is easy; all is life and enthusiasm† Maria Montessori, The secret of Childhood. Pg 40) Characteristics of Sensitive Periods They are universal: They have been present in every person’s childhood, regardless of where a child lives or what cultural background he/she has. The Sensitive Periods come and then disappear: they are active when certain things need to be learned and when they are learned the sensitive period disappeared, some disappear gradually, they come slowly, then peak at a certain point , and then leave slowly.A transitory state once realized, the sensitive period disappears. Sensitive periods are never regained, once they have passed. They are unconscious: Similar to the absorbent mind, the child doesn’t know he has sensitive period, and cannot express his need for certain stimuli and cannot influence them in any way. We can only see the outside effects of the sensitive periods through observation of the child. They correspond to the essential capacities necessary for the human being to develop. This can be mental, intellectual and physical.For ex: refinement of movement has to do with both physical and intellectual. This period helps the child coordinate will and movement that help develop the intellect. They appear during the first plane of development, they are most obvious then. That is why this period is marked in red; it is an important period where the most activity is going on. They are overlapping: They appear at different times, but a child can ha ve sensitivity for more than one (even two) stimuli at a time. The sensitive periods are an Intense and prolonged activity.They influence a child beyond curiosity; it is a passion, directing children to particular qualities and elements in the environment. They do not lead to fatigue or boredom, but instead leads to persistent energy and interest. The child can appear fresh and active afterwards†¦ The sensitive periods are of great importance for the children, it was through observation that Maria Montessori discovered the inner force that guilds the children. She discovered six main Sensitive Periods a child will go through from birth till six.Sensitive Periodsfor order ( 1-3 years) perfecting movement ( 1.5-4 years) language (0-6 years) perfecting the senses ( 0-5 years) social relations (2.5 -6 years) for small objects (2nd year)Sensitivity for OrderStarts at aprox: 6months-3years Helps the child stabilize inner order Is very important for the development of the childâ€℠¢s intelligence Helps the child to categories and classify informationThe child has a need for inner orderThe young child needs ritual. If his life has a predictable rhythm and his routine is maintained, he begins to trust the environment. If his needs for food, sleep and bodily comfort are predictably met as they arise, he uses this satisfaction as the basis to feel secure and to explore his world. The child has a need for inner order: The idea of putting things into order for adults is very different from children. We become stressed if we don’t have the time to organize our thoughts, and once we organize ourselves and we feel calmer and happy, often we don’t realize that it is our need for outer order.The child has a need for inner order. The child needs outer order to influence the inner order. By creating order, the child is making an impression from which he creates his personality, this period helps the child structure and organize everything he has absorbed. By understanding this structure in life it will help the child become an important part of it. We can’t influence the inner order of a child, but we influence the outer order or environment by putting things in order and in the same place everytime, to help positively influence their development during this sensitive time.The child is sensitive to a spatial order; that is, everything has a place. When his environment is arranged the same way day after day, he comes to rely on it and can get his bearings. Children during this time can be very sensitive to any change, if they move to a new place; it can be very stressful for children when these outer changes appear. Many kinds of behavior difficulties come from children not being able to create order in his mind. â€Å"Obviously the love of order in children is not the same as that of adults. Order provides the adult with a certain amount of external pleasure. For he small children it is something quite different.It is like the land on which the animals walk or the water in which fish swim† Maria Montessori, The Secret of Childhood, pg 53. This period does not start at birth. The baby has to get used to the world and culture around him before he can being to organize things, and the brain has to be sufficiently developed before it can make use of this period. So once the child has had enough experiences in this world, then this period will appear. These periods helps the child to categories and classify information. Because our brain needs order, it’s much easier to connect new experiences to former ones.When you hear something new, if you heard it before, it’s easier to compare it to the new information than if you never heard it before, so we need order in the brain to connect it to the new information. The role Adult and the environment Keep consistency and order in the classroom and with the boundaries. Let predicted things keep their promises, which helps them build trust. Keep the environment orderly, clean and objects in the same place so the children can easily find what they need. We can create routines, order in the environment to help them find their inner order.Sensitive period for refinement of movement Represents the essence of life. Period help the child coordinate will and movement that help develop the intellect. the hand is the brains instrument basic movements are stabilized in the first 3 yearMovement represents the essence of life. Through movement of the muscles, the body becomes stronger and healthier and the child is able to perform more tasks. The baby, unable at birth to control any of his movements, doesn't even know he has hands and feet. But by about twelve months many babies take their first steps. Walking develops without being taught. An infant's need to walk is so strong that he becomes upset if he is impeded.At 1 year old the child will start to stand, walk and balance, on the other part they start moving the hands as well, lots o f in coordinated movement, the basic movements develop in the first years the child becomes conscious of his body, starts to use basic movements to coordinate his movements and will develop from a helpless human being to standing, walking and eventually control his body. This sensitive period will help the child coordinate will and movement that help develop the intellect.The child can develop his will through movement, by acting on his interests, his will grows stronger. Children will often resist being carried or held by the hand, because of the restriction of his will and lack of movement, but if a child is able to develop unhindered, at the end of this period the child can control his movements better; and because a child has a tendency to repeat movements, he will repeat these movements until they are perfected. The movement of the hand is the brains instrument.The child will do movements with his body and his hands in order to learn and grow. The child handles the objects in h is environment with a purpose to imitate the actions of other in his family and surroundings; this helps him build up the necessary coordination that is crucial for organized movement. Often children find themselves in a world geared to adults, with adult sized objects that they are not permitted to touch or work with. The Adult and the environment Take them to new places. Offer opportunities where they can explore their environment safely and with fun.Give them opportunities to participate in home activities such as cleaning, washing cooking etc†¦ Resist helping unnecessarily Trust them (within reasonable expectations) Allow time for exploration Make sure they have an environment rich in concrete ‘touchable’ objects, like all the materials found in a Montessori class. Sensitive Period For language Is the most obvious of all the periods Helps the child learn one or many languages. Starts at birth At 3-4 discover the importance of written languageThe Sensitive perio d for Language starts at birth, peaks around two years and slowly goes away at around 6 years. It is the human voice that he deeply hears and imitates. Because of this Sensitive period for language, the child who was absorbing all the sounds in his environment at once, begins to find some sounds more attractive than others, like the sound of people talking, languages, music. By listening and absorbing these sounds around himself, the child’s provided with the necessary elements for his development.There are no obvious manifestations of the sensitive period, since the young child is absorbing the languages and sounds that are necessary for his growth, but you can see his manifestations of it when the child shows his contentment when being read a story or sung a lullaby, and also shows anger and frustration when his needs are unsatisfied. By six months, the child can uttering his first syllables, by one year his first word. By one year, nine months he uses a few phrases, and by about two years old he â€Å"explodes† into language. He talks non-stop.By the time he is three years old he is speaking in sentences and paragraphs with proper syntax and grammar. He can fully express himself to get his needs met. Children have the capability by the age of 3 to learn many languages. Even if the language is as complex and different as Chinese and English. This Period will last a little over the age of six, but becomes less and less intensive. The adult and environment. Young children copy facial expressions, and there is when we stabilize the base for communication. We talk to them. Start giving nouns with concrete objects and keep on adding to their vocabulary.We can read to them. Start with simple books, rhymes and songs, and make a habit to read everyday. Speak clearly to them. Use soft voices and let them listen to various sounds. Give her opportunities for activities with sequencing, and matching. Give an environment that is rich in vocabulary. Give hug e words and funny words and rhyming words and words in songs just what a child needs to meet his word hunger perfectly. Introduce written language to a child, when we recognize the interest in the written language when the child demonstrates an interest in letters that belong to him (name) and to his family (mom).Sensitivity for refining the senses. Starts from birth till four years, The senses are the gates to intelligence; children need to collect sensorial information to develop their brains. The child has to use all his senses to gather information about the world. By using the senses the child will become better organized and classified impressions of the world. Sensitivity for small objects is connected to the sensitive period for perfection of the senses, they work together with each other, and they are connected. The senses develop before the child is born, taste, and can feel.They can suck their thumbs in the womb. The largest part of their development happens after birth, because the brain needs the stimulus from the world, so the child is interested in all kinds of sensorial impression and uses his senses to learn about the word. During this sensitive period for refining the senses, the child feels the urge to touch and feel the objects in his surroundings; it is not the objects around the child that interests him but the stimuli he gets from handling those objects that interest him.This is a period of physical growth and also a period of learning through the five senses. Because the child is developing his senses, his attention is on the environment surrounding him and the objects in that environment. Unfortunatly there are many times when there are objects in the environment that the child is not allowed to handle. During the absorbent period the brain is taking in impressions of the environment, and the child has to use all his senses to gather information about the world, so the child will be able to organize and classify his impression of the w orld.Sensitive period for small objects Is a time when the children show a great attention and are fond of small details, they notice an appreciate objects with intricate or small details. This period is often mistaken for Sensitive Period for movement, because they become attentive to details. Also mistaken for the sensitivity to order. Sensitivity for small objects is connected to the sensitive period for refinement of the senses, they work together with each other, and they are connected. Role of the Adult and the environmentMake sure they have an environment rich in concrete ‘touchable’ objects, like all the materials found in a Montessori class. Allow them to explore new sights, sounds, smells and tastes to broaden their experiences. Give them safe things to taste, to touch and smell. Give them a variety of textures to feel. Talk to them sometimes very softly so that they are aware of sounds. Expose them to fine objects and show them how to appreciate them, how to carry them with great care and take of them in their environment. Sensitive Period for Social Relations from aprox 2and half- 5 years oldThe children learn about the social rules for their culture This period continues into the second plane but not as a sensitive period, in a different way. This Period comes late in the child’s development, it occurs around the age when a child becomes conscious of himself. Before that he didn’t have chance to develop his social relations in the same way because he was occupied with himself. This is a time when the child becomes interested in playing with other children and the child starts doing things for others. The child also begins experimenting the ways he can be together with other people.That’s why there is lots of conflict with very young children, not because they are naughty, but because they have no understanding how they are influencing people, so they need to be constantly watched and helped, to keep them away from conflicts. Around 2 and a half or 3 we can expect children to experiment with relations, their behavior becomes consistent and we can trust them with friends. Around 4 and a half they become interest in greeting and social courtesies from their culture and they imitate polite and considerate behavior leading to an internalization of these qualities into the personality.Role of the Adult and the environment. Have good interactions with the people we work with and parents. Be role models of grace and courtesy Give the children opportunities to work together and solve their differences. Significance for Education If unhindered during a sensitive period children are: Able to have a deep concentration, even if they work a long time, they are still refreshes at the end of the activity. Does a lot of goal directed activity, meaningful to the children, they will always use their hands when do these act. Do lots of repetition, happily with the same con.Until they master the skill We see joy and harmony in the child, generally happy, takes care of the environment and cares for others. Are affectionate. If hindered during a sensitive period we see: A lot of frustration. Negative behavior, they don’t listen, or do things you ask them not to do Has an inner conflict and is not happy Meaningless behavior, being agitated and screaming for no reason, without point. And is still unhappy. General Role of the adult Prepare the environment with everything a child needs during these periods. Give the children sufficient time and freedom to be active and independent.Time and freedom to act on the impulses of the sensitive periods. Need to observe so we can see how these sensitive periods manifest themselves in children because they are not always the same. They all have them, but they look different depending on the temperament of the child We will prepare practically and mentally to meet the needs of the children ex: if a child touch surfaces or other children, we can say that he is prepared for sensorial. Remove hindrances: make sure our environment support the independence of the child and doesn’t hinder it, that we help but not too much help. Be role models for the children.Especially for the social relation and order period. They observe us when we greet and talk to parents. No ‘timetables’ should be imposed on the children (i. e. slots of time for specific activities, music, art, foreign language etc. ) since these adult oriented groups could easily interrupt a child’s concentration and thereby disrupt the spontaneous development that was taking place. â€Å"A child’s love of his surrounding appears to adults as the natural joy and vivacity of youth. But they do not recognize it as spiritual energy, a moral beauty which accompanies creation. † (Maria Montessori, The Secret of Childhood, pg 103)

Home Reading Report Task

A Home Reading Report Task in GED 211 3:30-4:30 Submitted to: Prof. Jocelyn Bacasmut Submitted by: Vanessa Lou P. Jagdon BSED-English March 15, 2013 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to thank our Lord Almighty God for the knowledge that He has given to me. His gift helped me to comprehend the book/novel that I’ve read for the whole term. Secondly, a huge thanks to my ever supportive family, I mean financially and emotionally they were always present. Also, to my friends who shows great moral support while I’m doing this Home Reading Report Task.And lastly, to Lisa Gardner, the author of â€Å"The Third Victim†, she is obviously the main reason why I chose this book since I got hooked on her story. It’s mysterious, intriguing, and psychologically thrilling. iii Table of Contents Book Cover †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ii Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. iii __________________________________________________________ Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Analysis of the novel a. Setting†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 b. Characters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 c. Mode †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 d.Plot †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 i. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 ii. Rising action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 iii. Climax †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 iv. Falling action †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 4 v. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 e. Theme †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Refection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Picture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Summary In the small town of Bakersville, Oregon, an unthinkable and tragic crime happens. The small town was rocked when a lone gunman opens fire at the Bakersville’s K-8.Instead of himself, Sheriff S hep O’Grady surprisingly places Officer Lorraine Connor as the primary. Once on the scene, Officer Rainie Connor saw the Computer-science Teacher Miss Melissa Avalon, with a clean shot on her head by the mass murderer. Two little girls were also killed but with multiple bullets. Much of the physical evidence is already damaged due to the chaos that occurred before Raine arrives on the scene, but more contamination follows. Rainie arrested the thirteen year old Danny O’Grady. The Sheriff's troubled and loner son is found holding the murder weapons. He confesses to the shootings.His father further contaminates the crime scene before Raine can get him to leave. He loves his son that much, and he believes that Danny, his little boy, can’t hurt them especially his favorite Computer-Science teacher Miss Avalon. Police Officer Shep is determined that his son will not go to prison no matter what he has to do or say. But the townspeople are certain that the killer has be en found and only want him punished, no matter what his age. The State sends Homicide Detective Abe Sanders, a methodical cop, to take charge of the case. FBI Special Agent Pierce Quincy leaves his dying daughter to also join the investigation.Now the question arises; did Danny actually commit the crime although all evidence points to him or is there someone behind all this? Quincy tells Raine that he has some doubts about Danny being the killer because of the precise way the teacher was murdered. As the trio works together, the town wonders why a good little boy would do such a bad thing. Overwhelming evidence points towards the lad but some items lead to a more professional murderer yet no clear suspect surfaces. Unconsciously, they didn’t know that the real killer was just inside the town, following them, especially Officer Rainie Conner. 1As they go deeper to the investigation, a dark secret that Rainie has been hiding for 14 years was revealed. It was the horrific death of her mother. It was suspected that Rainie killed her mother. That’s what the real mass murderer loved about Rainie, the thought that she killed her own mother and the thing that he regretted that he didn’t do it to his abusive father. Due to Detective Sanders, FBI Agent Quincy and Officer Connor’s thorough investigation, they found out that Danny is not innocent on the school shooting. He is the one who killed the two little girls, but someone influenced him to do it so.It is the school councilor, Richard Mann. This man’s real identity is Henry Hawkins of Minneapolis, Minnesota. He only uses the name Richard Mann to get inside the school district. Quincy was able to link him to other school shooting wherein a student was a major suspect. As Quincy and Detective Sanders seek for the mass murderer, Officer Connor found herself in the woods. She was kidnapped by Henry Hawkins. He forced Rainie to admit that she killed her mom and state to him on how does i t feel to take the life of her mother.He got peeved when Lorraine Connor denied on exterminating her mother but, she admitted that she killed her mother’s boyfriend because he raped her. Since Hawkins got frustrated, he attempted slaying Rainie. Good thing Quincy and the other cops arrived and saved Officer Connor. Henry Hawkins committed suicide right before they caught him. He’s thinking that it is better to die that to be captured alive and devastated. Danny O’Grady was sentenced 25 years of imprisonment and Rainie Connor was removed in the service for killing Dave Duncan, the person who raped her, and buried his corpse on their lawn. â€Å"The Third Victim† Analysis of the Novel a. Setting – Bakersville, Oregon – Bakersville K-8 b. Characters – Lorraine Conner, Danny O’Grady, Shep O’Grady, FBI Agent Pierce Quincy, Detective Abe Sanders, Richard Mann/Henry Hawkins, Sandy O’Grady, Becky O’Grady, Principal VanderZanden, Officer Luke Hayes, c. Mode – Devastation, Frustration, Seeking justice, d. Plot * Introduction – In the small town of Bakersville, Oregon, an unthinkable and tragic crime happens. The small town was rocked when a lone gunman opens fire at the Bakersville’s K-8. Rising Action – The Computer-science teacher was cleanly shot on her, and two other little girls were killed with multiple bullets. Danny confessed that he did all those shootings. Officer Connor arrested him for suspicious murder for seeing him with a gun. The families of the victims were seeking justice and wants Danny O’Grady be imprisoned. * 3 Climax – Detective Sander, FBI Agent Quincy, and Officer Conner made a thorough investigation on the school shooting. And as they go further through the investigation, Officer Connor’s dark past was revealed. Fourteen years ago, Rainie was accused of killing her own mother inside their house.Rumors were all over the to wn and this horrible event makes a way for the criminal to start his long term plan. His disappointment of not having the strength of taking away the life of his merciless and abusive father will soon be eased for this young woman will bring hope for his aching and bone-breaking past. * Falling action – They found out that Richard Mann, the school councilor, was the one who influenced Danny to kill those innocent little girls. They were even able to locate the origin if the killer, his real name is Henry Hawkins from Minneapolis, Minnesota.Quincy was able to link him to other school shooting wherein a student is the major suspect. * Conclusion – They made an entrapment operation to apprehend Richard Mann/Henry Hawkins, but they were too late. He was able to escape just before they arrive. When Rainie went home, she saw Hawkins in her foyer. Unnoticeably, Hawkins hit Rainie’s head and she fell down. When she finally woke up, she just saw herself in the woods. Haw kins forced Rainie to tell him that she really killed her own mother, but Rainie denied it that caused Henry Hawkins to finally kill her. Fortunately, Agent Quincy and his fellow cops arrived and saved Rainie.But it’s too late for Henry Hawkins, he committed suicide before he got caught. e. Theme – Mystery ; Psychological 4 Reflection Through this book, I learned that possible things might have happened, whether it is bad or good. All we have to do is to accept it whole heartedly and move on. Go over with our lives and leave the wicked past behind. There’s nothing we can do to change on what’s already done, but all we can do is to live with it and learn to love it. God gave us life to live, so enjoy it and live life to the fullest. It is not necessary to forget the past, but only those that are needed to be and worth the change.Yes, we’re not perfect and we need to accept the fact that we’re only humans. We get hurt, and ironically most of t he time, but it doesn’t mean that you have all the rights to destroy others lives or let them experience the life that you’ve been living. On the first place, it is your choice to live an unpleasant life. Learn to stop blaming others for someone’s fault. Make use of your time for your own, not for the others. Time heals all wounds, but scars don’t. These scars can’t be left on the past, but are the ones that we need to face for us to live with a peaceful mind and a strong heart. 5

University of Phoenix Material Essay

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Team Leadership - Case Study Example Furthermore, the team lacks excellence standards through which individual performance can be assessed. Individual performance should be established at each level in order to identify and correct any wrong doings (Martin 253). With lack of such essential qualities of effective teamwork, it can really be very difficult for the team to attain its goals. Jim should intervene immediately if he wants his team to achieve effectively and with ease its goals. Since his group comprises of individuals with very high expertise, Jim can utilize this opportunity and intervene from within. As an executive leader he should have a clear SWOT analysis of his team in order to approach situations strategically. This will help him to utilize every opportunity/strength the team is exposed to appropriately while avoiding the team weaknesses as well as overcoming the threats. Nevertheless, his intervention should be task oriented even though relational actions may also come into play at times (Martin 254). Jim’s group seems to have no problem with their leader but rather have a problem with what they are expected to do. Jim should define to each individual clearly what he expects of him/her and the exact goal they are expected to achieve. ... Structuring here implies that members’ strengths as well as weaknesses needs to be studied in order for each member to be allocated what they can do best. Decision making is also of equal importance in the process of leading, as it facilitates the process of attaining results. Jim should also ensure that standards are maintained at every step through a constant monitoring and evaluation process. A close analysis of the group will enable him to identify any misunderstandings within the group, and rectify them before they become a major problem. Local Cancer Health Team Teamwork is all about proper communication, listening and understanding each other. Without these qualities group effectiveness which plays a critical role in teamwork is not going to be achieved. Team effectiveness aims at ensuring that tasks are accomplished within the stipulated time, as well as maintaining a strong teamwork. This team may actually fail to accomplish their vision due to poor developments withi n the team. Each individual should be accorded respect in what she/he has been allocated in the team and no one should feel superior over the other. Since within this team other members feel that they know more than others, the team is likely to lack cohesiveness as conflicts may arise (Martin 255). In this team problems are arising from both internal tasks and relations since the two exist co-currently. Conflicts resulting from tasks are likely to spread to internal relations where other team members will feel undermined. As much as it is team work, no one should be looked down upon since it is expected that duty allocation is based on specialty. Doctors in this team however are overstepping their mandate to an extent that they are

Performing Arts in South Africa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Performing Arts in South Africa - Research Paper Example The fashion and performance night will be open for students, media, and culture, lifestyle and fashion enthusiasts. The event is free for students but tickets will be sold in reasonable amount to non-academicians. This fashion night will be very essential to create awareness on the visual and cultural heritage of South Africa. South African traditional dances are integral part of its history because these dances are expressions of all that life’s rich pageant has to offer (South African Traditional Culture 2011) On the other hand, the traditional clothing represents South Africas history that has left a legacy of traditional apparel as diverse as the people who have settled there (Warton n.d.)Acknowledging these different traditional cultures, both in clothing and dance rituals, gives the nation a giant leaps in recognizing this country’s rich national history†. The audience and participants will be basically budding designers coming from the Fashion Institute of Technology. This will include students, faculty, and staff and fashion show at the Marshall Hall of SUNY. The budding designers will take the challenge of producing short fashion production number inspired by South African traditional culture. This will improve the student’s creativity and will create awareness among this particular community as regards to the cultural heritage of South Africa among. One key message is that some fashion trends may have been influenced by the culture of this region. Furthermore, the students will further appreciate on maybe looking into the history of other countries as well and infusing every other country’s tradition on their designs. The fashion show must be coordinated with the faculty of FIT so the show may be incorporated as a partial fulfilment in their particular courses. Without the students and their designs, the program will not run. Note that this event

The Intersection of Gender, Conflict and Development Shape Patterns of Essay

The Intersection of Gender, Conflict and Development Shape Patterns of Forced Migration - Essay Example veloped nations, but are also getting spread to developed nations where people are forcefully uprooted from their home countries or regions and transported to a different place, due to various factors including political, cultural, religious as well as ethnic persecutions, which at times, result in gender conflicts. It is worth mentioning in this context that forceful migration is not only conducted by people due to the lack of humanitarian ideologies in the society, but are often identified to be a consequence of natural disasters such as earthquake, tsunami, flood or any other natural disaster (Bouta & et. al., 2005). According to the report published by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), it has been signified that around 45.2 million people were under the conditions of displacement in the year 2012, as compared to 42.5 million by the end of 2011, indicating a 0.5 million difference in the aggregate amounts (UNHCR, 2013). Intersection of Gender in Forced Migrati on Notably, two major reasons were identified concerning the forced migration activities, which included sex marketing and household labour. However, in the modern era, the primary reason for forced migration has become majorly concentrated on sex crimes, to which, women and children are identified to be the common victims. Hence, forced migration can be examined to impose significant negative effects on social contexts, in today’s so called developed society. Various economic and political factors can also be identified as adjacent to the forced migration conducts, where social exclusion and poverty play a primitive role to motivate such conducts. Moreover, long terms displacements of a particular gender, commonly women, at a large volume from one particular economic region, is also... Conclusively, it should be noted that numerous policies as well as norms are being formulated and implemented with the objective of increasing awareness among people concerning forced migration, which are often conducted through bribing the victim either emotionally or financially or through physical threats. Legal actions are also being considered with regards to preserve gender equality for offering equal employment as well as income opportunities to both men and women. Such initiatives are quite likely to reduce conflicts in the society and thereby control intersection of gender as well as conflict in the encouraging the trend of forced migration. Nevertheless, irrespective of such initiatives, the rate of forced migration tends to rise steadily at certain parts of the world. In this respect, right-based strategies should be implemented with the aim of providing justice to feminist groups, both in formal and informal peace processes by global organisations as well as political ins titutions. In this context, with effective human right movement as well as liberal rights, conflicts and inequalities of gender can be minimised to certain extent which will facilitate in reducing forced migration or displacement.

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism Literature review

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism - Literature review Example An analysis will also be conducted into the opinions of tourism consumers in general to understand how the market has grown and is in a continual state of flux. The final section will cover how the market could be improved by identifying problems with the current responsible tourism market. This will help to paint a rich picture of how the consumer regards responsible tourism to allow providers to better understand their market and their customer. The Characteristics of a Responsible Tourist As responsible tourism encompasses a wide-range of tourist destinations beyond what is commonly perceived as eco-tourism, there are a wide variety of characteristics that can be said to be common to the responsible tourist. A responsible tourist will have to have some awareness of the sustainable nature of their holiday, whether that be on an economic or environmental level (Andereck, 2009). Recent studies have shown that 77% of consumers believe that tourism should have some focus on the environ mental level (Miller, 2003), meaning that the majority of tourists could be classified in this way. However, it should be stressed that this figure represents the intentions of the consumer rather than their actions, and there is a conceivable difference between the two (Miller, 2003). Those who have intentions of being a responsible tourist can, therefore, be said to represent the majority of the tourism industry but it is perhaps easier to classify the characteristics of the actual responsible tourist. These individuals are generally those who are ethical consumers in other areas of their life, with a great focus on the environmental impact of their purchases (Andereck, 2009). These people tend to be young adults with a significant amount of disposable income, with those interested being happier to spend more money to receive a socially responsible product (Miller, 2003). These individuals are generally more likely to be concerned with a number of factors that can be affected by t ourism, and seek a ‘guilt-free’ holiday (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Many of these individuals have, or wish to, partake in a holiday in which they can get directly involved in the responsible tourism, rather than simply choosing hotels or airlines that behave responsibly (Pizan & Mansfeld, 2000). This can involve getting involved in projects in the third-world, or tree-planting initiatives. Perceptions and Attitudes of the Consumer towards Responsible Tourism The perceptions and attitudes of the consumer have changed in recent years from being considered an unnecessary expense to something worth spending money on (Reisinger & Turner, 2003). The perceptions of this type of tourism are now generally positive, with many consumers considering the impact of their tourism on the place that they stay and the environment in general (Miller et al, 2010). Many people now have concerns about consumerism, and the tourism industry is wise to offer this option as a solution. It shou ld be noted that some still consider that responsible tourism has not come far enough, with optional extras such as postcards and food purchases not being as extensively covered by the notion of responsible tourism as other areas (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Others suggest that responsible

Coffee and Tea Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Tea Essay Coffee and tea have existed in the world for a long time. Hundreds of years ago, people who lived in South America started to produce coffee, but the earliest drink likes coffee was made by ancient Arabian. They thought it was a kind of medicine used for stomach. After the 15th century, coffee was spread to other countries such as Egypt and Ottoman Empire by Muslims who were back from Hajj, while in ancient China, Chinese people started to make tea about 3000 years ago. Because of nice environment and weather, the first part of tea plants was discovered in southwest China. After, drink tea became an important culture of Chinese people, and tea began to spread into countries near China. Coffee and tea are similar, but different in some specific area. First, coffee and tea are similar but different in population. People from all around the world like them. For example, British people used to drink a cup of tea with some snacks when they have a rest in the afternoon. Western people enjoy drinking black tea, and some of them mix it with milk to make milky tea. Likewise, most people like drinking coffee, for it often tastes good. In China, more and more people began to drink coffee, and some of whom want to taste better coffee like blue mountain coffee. However, although these two drinks are both popular around the world, coffee is still drunk most by western people, while the most quantity of tea is used in East Asia. People lived in China, Japan, and Korea regarded tea as the main drink. Second, coffee and tea are similar but different in function. Both coffee and tea can refresh people because there is a kind of chemical matter, which is caffeine in both of them. This chemical matter can be used for nerves to make a person feel awake and lively. Also, some experts said that black coffee and green tea can help a person lose weight. But, in contrast, tea has some more functions due to another kind of chemical matter which can’t be found in coffee. This chemical matter that named tea polyphenol whose ability is to relieve the effect that is made by poison. Finally, coffee and tea have similarity and difference in origination. Both of them are made from plants. Thousands of years ago, people lived in Africa planted coffee trees in succeed, and now, Brazil has the most coffee trees in the world. In south of China, there are a lot of terraced fields that grow tea trees. On the other hand, people use leaves from tea to make tea, while they use fruits from coffee plants to make coffee. To sum up, coffee and tea are similar in their population, function, and origination, while they are different of their use in different place, their different chemical matter, and their different material. I suggest that people should drink both coffee and tea so that they can be healthier.

School Of The Future Inititative Education Essay

School Of The Future Inititative Education Essay Roxboro Community School (RCS) today announced its highly anticipated RCS School of the Future Initiative to students and parents. The RCS School of the Future Initiative was developed over many months with the goal of enhancing the core mission of the school, one facet of which was to be a school that used technology in unique ways to enhance the student learning experience. The RCS School of the Future Initiative is primarily shaped by the fact that RCS is committed to being on the cutting edge of technology and its use in education, that middle school students will have regular access to computers in the school, and high school students will have their own take home computer to be used in all curriculum areas. It is also shaped by the following more specific objectives: Enhance the learning environment and teach children to be critical thinkers through the use of technology, Prepare students for using technology in a post secondary school environment including college and the professional work environment, Eliminate the boundaries set by traditional school environments; students learn at different paces based on their abilities and their specific needs, Support parent involvement in their childrens educational experience through the use of technology. The RCS School of the Future Initiative represents a significant investment of the schools resources and the RCS Board of Directors has committed to spend in excess of $1.5 million over the next 10 years to support technology in the school. This isnt something were just planning on doing one year and then forgetting about, said RCS Board Chair Donald Long, We are committed to the long term education of our students and as such we must be commited to long-term funding of their technology needs and their technology education. We want our parents and students to know they are going to get an education at RCS that is like no other. We have exceptional teachers and we plan to enhance their abilities with technology that helps students learn better. The RCS School of the Future Initiative is a comprehensive approach to incorporating technology into every aspect of the school and its curiculum. The plan is highlighted by the following features: Provide laptop computers to our Senior class as a pilot project for all high school students to have laptop computers August, 2009, Install an internal television system and create RCS-TV, with monitors in the Bulldog Cafà ©, the main lobby/foyer area, and the media center August, 2009, Provide a Mobile Computing Lab for use by teachers and students August, 2009, Install the infrastructure to support the new RCS School of the Future Initiative. This includes wireless access points, backup devices, switches, cabling, file servers, increased internet bandwidth, etc. August, 2009, Create unique student computer login accounts with email, data storage, and appropriate security August, 2009 Replace all teacher desktop computers with laptop computers January, 2010, Transform the Bulldog Cafà © into the Bulldog Internet Cafà © with the installation of 40 computers to serve students during lunch and as an additional computer lab when lunch is not being served February, 2010, Install television monitors in all classrooms, making RCS-TV available to the whole school April, 2010 Beyond the end of the 2009-2010 school year, the plan will be fully implemented for the 2010-2011 school year, so expect the following to be implemented by August, 2010. Provide laptops to all high school students, Develop, identify, and purchase all software and technology items for teacher classrooms that are specific to the curriculum, Incorporate multimedia presentations, the internet, and other technology into the lesson plans where appropriate. The object is to change the way students learn and to use the technology available to us to do it. (Please visit the web site http://www.microsoft.com/education/lessonplans.mspx for sample lesson plans that demonstrate how teaching might change once students have all of the technology available to them). Develop an advanced Network Administration curriculum for Junior and Senior level students. The students will be managing and maintaining the schools technology systems in a way that few other schools are currently doing. Courses will be developed to teach students how to run a professional computer system with the same technologies used in the business world. Provide an internship opportunity for up to three students. Students would apply for three open positions to work on the RCS computer system during the summer. These will be full time, paying summer jobs for those who qualify. The RCS School of the Future Initiative is not just about putting computer equipment in the hands of students and teachers. It is about changing the way students learn and teachers teach, so the RCS School of the Future Initiative calls on teachers to develop new lesson plans that might not be focused so much on opening a book to a certain page, reading a passage, and answering questions. The school of the future will use technology so that teachers and students meet objectives in ways that take into account differences in personalities, individual abilities, and learning styles. The School of the Future will not be a mass production facility, rather it will produce a customized learning experience. According to RCS Principal Walter Finnigan, The workplace of the future will continue to be technology driven. The college of the future will continue to be technology driven. It makes sense that middle school and high school should also be technology driven so that our students have a better shot at succeeding both acedemically and professionally. Finnigan continued, As Ive said before, our goal is to be to be among the best schools in the nation and the RCS School of the Future Initiative is just one of the ways we plan to acheive that goal. We want to offer a tailored educational experience to our students and the only way we can do that is by using the same technology currently being used in the private sector. There are very few schools accross the nation who have embraced this idea like RCS is embracing it, but it really just makes sense to do so. It should just ring true to people.

Shell Is A Multinational Company Commerce Essay

Shell Is A Multinational Company Commerce Essay Shell is a multinational company dealing with oil and gas. The Headquarters of the company is in Hague, one of the cities of Netherlands. It has a registered office in London, and by 2011, the company was second largest company in relation to revenue growth, and profitability. In the oil and gas sector, the company is second to ExxonMobil in terms of operations and its capital base (Bruijn et al, 2002). The company is grouped among the six most influential oil companies in the world. The other five are Chevron, Exxon Mobil, B.P, Conoco Philips and Total S.A. The company operates in all areas of oil and gas industry, these areas include exploration of oil and gas, supplies and distribution, marketing, production, refinery, petrochemical development and power generation (McIntosh, 2001). The company is also concerned about environmental conservation, and it has invested heavily on the production, and distribution of renewable energy (Carroll, 1999). It supports initiatives of developing and distribution bio-fuel energy, wind and solar power, and hydrogen energy. Shell has branches in 100 countries, and operates an approximate number of 44000 service stations. The company producing more than 3 million barrels of oil per day, and this makes it second to Exxon Mobil. Due to its massive size, and huge capital base, the company is an important player in the international system. It has the capability of influencing world leaders to enact policies that will encourage capitalism, and liberalization of their economies (Carroll, 1999). Due to its size, and the complex business activities the company engages in, the company operates under four main divisions. These are projects and technology, upstream international, upstream Americas, and downstream (Bruijn et al, 2002). The role of upstream international is to manage business operations of shell that are outside the American continent. The division is responsible for identifying new oil and gas fields. It refines crude oil, liquefies it and transports the gas. The division creates the necessary infrastructure required to supply and deliver the oil products of the company to the target market. The division operates through geographic locations, and each location has its own CEO. In some instances, the upstream international unit collaborates with all its geographic units to deliver a service considered essential and important (Bruijn et al, 2002). This only applies when the geographic unit of the company does not have the necessary skills to deliver the service. The Projects and Technology department is responsible for developing new and technological innovative systems, for purposes of improving the efficiency of the organization. The Unit concerns itself with the distribution of the organizations major projects, and it is not restricted to regions (Carroll, 1999). It supplements the technological innovations of Upstream and Downstream divisions of Shell, and it is responsible for providing leadership and advice on the areas of environmental conservation, health, safety, and procurements and contracting. The downstream division is responsible for the production, manufacture, marketing, and distribution of the products and services of Shell Company. The unit refines, distributes and transports crude oil products (Green, 1985). The upstream America is responsible for the business activities of the organization in North and South America. In this region, the organization looks for new sources of oil, and gas. It also creates an infrastructure that has the capability of efficiently transporting the products of the company to its target markets (Jordan, 2001). The division is responsible for extracting bitumen from oil sand. It converts them to crude oil, and thereafter refines them to produce energy. The main objective of the company is to search for oil and gas, and thereafter produce the product, manufacture ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, and deliver the product to the market. The company also explores for gas, refines it, and transports the product to its target market. The company also produces chemical products, and an example is the shell lubricant used to service the spare parts of motor vehicles (Carroll, 1999). To effectively sale petroleum, the company operates more than 44000 thousand petrol stations all over the world. The company operates oil refineries, and their objectives are to convert crude oil to finer oil particles that can be used. The company produces renewable energies. And it does this by developing solar panels that have the capability of transforming sunlight into electric energy (Bruijn et al, 2002). The company has operations in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas, and therefore there target market is anybody using automobiles in the countries of their operation. Shell Company has various innovative challenges, and opportunities. The chairman of Royal Dutch Mr. Jorma Olila states that the success of the organization is because of its innovation in technology, market research, customer relations and production. The company invests heavily in research and development, for purposes of developing products that will stimulate the market, and give them an edge over its competitors. The management of Shell realizes that business organizations are under pressure to innovate (Carroll, 1999). This is because of the recession happening in Europe and America, the growth of the Chinese and other developing economies, an increase in the population of the world, advanced technological developments, and changing trends at the international business environment. On this note, shell identifies three opportunities on which it needs to develop innovative ideas. These are, investing heavily in research and development, initiating measures to quickly commercialize their ideas, and looking for ways of effectively working with external partners (Bruijn et al, 2002). The growth of the Chinese economy and of other developing countries presents a challenge to the objectives of Shell Company. This is due to the fact the market conditions in this countries call for low cost products. These markets also insist on the different lines of production. This is a challenge to shell because it will require the organization to revamp its business strategy, so that they can penetrate through these markets. However these markets present a lot of opportunity in relation to energy requirements, which is an essential element for the growth of an economy (Jonker, 2007). It therefore calls for an innovative mind, to penetrate through these markets, and shell has done exactly that. Shell recognizes China as an important market, and center for research and development. To penetrate the market, shell involves the various universities, and institutions of higher learning, in researching on the various energy products that is sufficient for the Chinese market. An example is the relationship between the company, and Qingdao institute of Bioenergy, and Bioprocess technology. The two are working together to develop biofuel energy for the Chinese economy. Advances in technology, and new gas and oil finds which are difficult to extract presents the company with an opportunity to innovate, at the same time it is a challenge. For instance the company projects an increase on the demand of energy products, by the year 2050. To satisfy these demands, the company must adopt an innovative culture, and develop machineries that have the capability of extracting oil and gas from these sources (Bruijn et al, 2002). For instance, the company has identified sites that contain gas in impermeable geological formations. These gas deposits are found in United States of America, and to extract them, it requires it requires innovative drilling techniques and extraction methods. On this note, the company looks for other sources of gas and oil, so that they may extract them, and distribute the products to the market. On this note, the company projects to find new energy sources in China and Australia, and unlock them for purposes of developing energy products (Jordan, 2001). The company does not only involve innovation in the extraction of oil and gas. Technological innovations are also depicted on the products of the company. The company has among its staff talented engineers and scientists whose role is to create and develop petrochemical products, and their related energy products. There other role is to advice the business organization on the impact of various technological innovations. They device strategies that will help the company overcame its technological problems, giving it an edge over its main competitors. Through the hardwork of these engineers, the company developed products such as, Shell Rimula, an heavy duty diesel engine oil (Jonker, 2007). The lubricant has the capability of withstanding unfavorable temperature from the outer space, while performing its function. On this note, it is the culture of the organization, for its engineers to develop products whose main aim is to satisfy the needs of the customers. The company identifies the need of the energy efficiency, the need of minimizing lubrication costs and the various legislations that govern carbon emission as the driving force of their lubricants innovations (Carroll, 1999). On this note, the company invests heavily on lubrication research, and it uses an approximate amount of $ 1.3 billion annually. The company involves its own customers in the research and testing of the lubricants. This makes the company to develop products that are needed in the market, increasing its revenue and profitability. The company does not only focus on technology, but also on business strategies. For instance Shell Company managed to acquire Arrow energy, an Australian energy company. The deal was worth 3.2 billion dollars, and the objective of this venture was to supply liquefied gas to the Asian markets (Jonker, 2007). These innovative tendencies by the company are meant to improve their business activities, and to develop new technologies that will help in opening up new markets for the company (Jordan, 2001). These innovations have an adverse effect on the organization, in relation to the perspective of change. The company advocates for innovation, and a change in my management might try to influence new cultures within the organization (Marcel et al, 2006). They might face resistance in the process of changing the culture of the organization. In case the new management might want to continue with the policy, it will take time before they are oriented with the innovative practices of the company. A change in the management will create inconsistencies, in the innovative tendencies of the company. A company that responds best to a change in management is one which is prepared for such a change (Jonker, 2007). It is better to psychological prepare employees for a change in the management, and establish structures that will mitigate against inconsistencies that might arise from such changes. Inconsistencies will arise if the new management shows some signs and symptoms of inconsistencies to the culture, value and norms of the organization. However, if the new management promotes the values, culture and beliefs of the company, then the employees will continue to develop new ideas that will propel the company to growth. The following are the organizational cultural barrier of innovation at Royal Dutch Shell (Bruijn et al, 2002). The four divisions of the company are independent of one another. They only work together in special circumstances. This is a barrier to innovative practices in the organization, because the divisions of the company have to coordinate together, to identify the various needs of their customers. Another cultural barrier to technology is the bureaucratic channels of decision making. Before any important decision is made, the board of directors has to approve it. They may either reject or approve the idea. Even though the company encourages ideas on its business strategy, its main focus is on technology, and it invests heavily on technology, at the expense of other divisions of the company, such as marketing, distribution and transportation. Despite these barriers to innovation, there are cultural values in the organization that encourages innovation. These values are (Carroll, 1999), The desire to satisfy the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. The desire to improve profitability and growth of the company. The desire to capture new markets, and exploration sites. It is possible to address the mentioned barriers to innovation at Shell Company. One of the ways of addressing the problem is to integrate the four divisions of the company, by creating a communication liaison office. The responsibility of this office is to share information on the performance and operations of the four units to various heads of the units under consideration. This will enable the organizations to develop ideas that are convenient, and applicable to the four divisions under consideration. Another method is to increase the number of days that the board of directors should sit, and deliberate on the ideas on offer. This will result to a quicker implementation of an idea, therefore increasing the efficiency of the organization. The company should also invest on other areas of its operations, such as marketing, transport, and distribution. By doing this, the company will not only use technology to develop products, but it will also ensure that the products are effectively distributed, and sold to the market.

Negative Aspects of Cell Phone Use :: Cellular Telephone

Many Americans enjoy the sense of security and organization that they feel their cell phones give to them. They like being able to change their schedules on the go, to have a phone in case of emergency, to have a guide in case they get lost, and to take part in the upcoming technological wave that our world is enduring. People like to be up with the times, and always enjoy having a new toy. The only problem is, most people overlook the potentially serious outcomes stemming from cell phone use and abuse. According to researchers, ?there are currently eleven million cellular uses in the United States and another 500 million world-wide?. Although cell phones are so popular, there is still a small population of people who believe that cell phones are more of a burden than they appear to be. Some people believe they leave their lives and schedules open for constant change and nagging, almost like a telemarketer calling during dinner time. Cell phones can become problematic when they intrude at movies, at the opera, at restaurants, and in other socially unacceptable places. Teachers now worry that students are distracted at school, and can even use their phones to help them cheat on exams and chat privately with other students. Cell phones have surely taken away a certain quality of life that many Americans remember- a time when your schedule was set in a stone, a time when it was quiet in the movies, and a time when people had more actual face-to-face communication. I can even remember what it was like before a had a cell phone, and sometimes miss those simple sincere human communications. Text messaging has now become a way to flirt, gossip, and has replaced simple every day communication. Some people even prefer it to actually speaking, due to the fact that they feel less pressure and do not have to actual be subject to responses. There are also actual life and death situations to consider in terms of cell phone dangers. I have heard that talking on a cell phone will driving a car is like having three alcoholic beverages and then driving. The National Highway Safety Administration admits that nearly 85 percent of cell phone owners use them while driving. Many states have been working to ban cell phone use for motorists, and the fact that people are outraged by this is somewhat disturbing.

The Formulaic and Episodic X-Files and Supernatural Essays -- Televis

The subjects of this study, The X-Files (Carter, 1993-2002) and Supernatural (Kripke, 2005-), can be seen as innovative pioneers of ‘narrative complexity’ and of the ‘monster-of-the-week’ (MOTW) concept. Mittel identifies narrative complexity, ‘At its most basic level, narrative complexity is a redefinition of episodic forms under the influence of serial narration—not necessarily a complete merger of episodic and serial forms but a shifting balance. Rejecting the need for plot closure within every episode that typifies conventional episodic form, narrative complexity foregrounds ongoing stories across a range of genres. Additionally, narrative complexity moves serial form outside of the generic assumptions[.]’ (Mittel, 2006, p.32) The monster-of-the-week concept is rather self-explanatory, but can be described as telling standalone stories that literally feature a monster, or enemy, every week however, The X-Files have challenged the serial, standalone nature of the concept (Kruse, 1997-8, p.110). The X-Files stars FBI agents, Mulder and Scully, as they take charge in investigating the ‘X’ files (cases that occur through unknown phenomena). Mulder, the believer, and Scully, the sceptic, face corrupt government officials and monstrous mutants while trying to uncover the meaning to unknown phenomena that otherwise, cannot be explained. The episodic and formulaic series allow Mulder and Scully to face phenomena after phenomena while being spliced with an undercurrent of the more serial format of a greater ‘mytharc’ concerning government corruption and of the alien colonisation of earth. Supernatural tells the story of Dean and Sam Winchester, brothers-in-arms, who also, within formulaic and self-contained episodes, hunt monsters... ...d Everyday Life in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In: M. Hammond and L, Mazdon, eds. 2005. The Contemporary Television Series. Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press, pp.159-182. Hodges, L., 2008. Mainstreaming Marginality: Genre, Hybridity, and Postmodernism in The X-Files. In: J. P. Tellote, ed. 2008. The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Kentucky: Kentucky University Press, pp.231-246. Mittel, J., 2007. Film and Television Narrative. In: D. Herman, ed. 2007. The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.156-171. Mittell, J., 2006. Narrative Complexity in Contemporary American Television. The Velvet Light Trap, 58(32), pp.29-40 Nixon, N., 1998. Making Monsters, or Serializing Killers. In: R. Martin and E, Savoy, eds. 1998. American Gothic: New Interventions in a National Narrative. Iowa: Iowa University Press, pp.217-236.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay

Reread the story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† Think carefully about the following questions. They will help guide your reading and thinking about the story. Answer the questions in a thoughtful manner using complete sentences. 1.What is Peyton Farquhar’s occupation? Farquhar is a Southern slave owner who adores and tries to help the Confederate Army. 2.Why is he not a soldier, officer, or part of the army? He is not a soldier, officer, or part of the army because of circumstances of which are unknown. 3.How much time actually elapses between the opening and closing lines of Part III? Only a few minutes pass by between the opening and closing lines of Part III. 4.Describe the setting at the opening of the story. In the beginning of the story Farquhar is standing on a railroad above water with his hands bound with rope and a noose around his neck. There are two soldiers from the Northern Army, a sergeant, and a captain surrounds him. 5.Describe Peyton Farquhar’s last thoughts. Farquhar’s last thoughts are about escaping the execution and hail of bullets and go visit his family and wife. His wife was the last thought in his mind before he died from the execution. 6.Identify and describe the sound that disturbs the thoughts going through his mind. The sound that Farquhar hears is the amplified sound of the metallic clink of his watch disturbs his thoughts. 7.In the flashback of the story’s second section, who visits Peyton Farquhar? A Northern soldier comes to visit Farquhar at his home. 8.What plan does Farquhar conceive as a result of this visit? The Northern soldier is in disguise as a Confederate and informs Farquhar that he could easily set fire to the driftwood by the bridge. Farquhar accepts this idea. 9.What does Farquhar imagine in the story’s last section? Farquhar imagines that he walks back home and admire the landscape and is eager to return home. His wife comes to meet him but then a white light and silence engulf him with his death. 10.Ironically, what is his real fate? His real fate is death, but he imagines life while death proceeds him. 11.Summarize what you think this story reveals about the psychology of a person in a life or death situation. I think that in a life or death situation a person thinks about who they love and really embrace it. They think about the good and long so bad for life. 12.How does Bierce prepare us for the final outcome of the story? Bierce prepares the audience for the end of the story by setting up the beginning to be reality and then has flashbacks through out to reveal the irony in the end. 13.Do you think the writer tries to enlist your sympathies toward either the Union or Confederate side? Or, does the story seem more focused on a more general theme about the nature of war? Cite details from the story to support your answer. I think that the writer tries to earn your sympathy for the Confederates by describing how the Union posed as a Confederate to trick Farquhar which ultimately leads to his death. Also the writer tries to make Farquhar out to be in a way innocent and patriotic for his country and his Southern Army. There are mostly negatives about the Union in this story which makes the Confederates out to be good.

Medical Use Of Body Massage Health And Social Care Essay

Body massage is a monolithic topic and includes many different types of technique and has a huge history of usage. Research, controlled surveies and clinical surveies have been undertaken in this field. Some of the most of import instances and noteworthy surveies will be discussed in greater inside informations subsequently. Although this essay will discourse â€Å" Swedish massage † in the most portion, it is helpful to discourse the field of complementary therapy as a medical system in a whole, along with the interchangeably used word â€Å" holistic † and the statement as to whether this is justly termed when in usage or non. â€Å" Complementary † therapies, although a reasonably recent add-on to conventional medical systems in the Western universe of normal Orthodox medical interventions, and they have a long and full history of usage in the Eastern universe. Natural therapies Complementary therapies are defined by Sairam ( 2007 ) as: â€Å" A system of alternate therapies, analogue to patterns in modern medical specialty. Treatments and therapies are frequently in concurrence with conventional medical specialty. † ( Sairam ( 2007 ) . Complementary therapies are now estimated costing: â€Å" $ 60 billion a twelvemonth and rise. In France, 75 % of the population has used some signifier of what is frequently called complementary medical specialty. That figure is about 50 % in the UK, 42 % in Canada, and 35 % in Norway. † ( Murcott, 2006 ) . The Ernst et Al, ( 2008 ) gives a wide definition of the term complementary therapies in the Oxford Handbook of Complementary Medicine: Complementary medical specialty is diagnosis, intervention and/or bar which complements mainstream medical specialty by lending to a common whole, fulfilling a demand non met by orthodoxy, or diversifying the conceptual model of medical specialty. † ( Ernest et al ( 1995 ) ) . Complementary therapies are now freely available on the NHS by referral by General Practitioner, the NHS web site discusses what it believes the definition of complementary therapies should include: â€Å" Complementary medical specialty ( or therapies ) is used to mention to those methods which can be used aboard or to ‘complement ‘ conventional medical specialty, but the differentiation between alternate and complementary medical specialty is non absolute and may depend on the context. Many people now use the term complementary and alternate medical specialty ( CAM ) to include both attacks. † ( NHS grounds web site ) . A word that is seen to be used interchangeably with that of complementary or alternate therapies is the word â€Å" Holistic † . The true significance of holistic or holistic theory from â€Å" The Collins Concise Dictionary † is: â€Å" ( in medical specialty ) the consideration of the complete individual in the intervention of disease. † The term â€Å" holistically † , is used by a variant sums of healers and professionals who either agree or disagree with the term being used in massage therapy, as the true significance of holistic is to handle the whole organic structure or the organic structure as a whole. Practitioners of Swedish massage would ignore massage and the term â€Å" holistic † being used together, they would most likely answer that massage is used for specific jobs, complaints and due to illness, hurt of other signifiers of harm to the musculus. The healers of such subjects would include that handling the organic structure as a â€Å" whole † would hold to include facial interventions and this would travel really much against the grain of specific signifiers of massage, which is used for handling specific jobs ( e.g. hurt due to overdrive of the biceps brachii musculus ensuing in a musculus failing of which is treated by massage ) . Therapist handling musculus hurts would justly r eason that to utilize facial massage to help the biceps hurt would be like sewing pants up with a knitting acerate leaf. So overall the sentiment of handling clients with a massage that is considered holistic, is non precisely the right term and would be better suited when discoursing other complementary therapies such as aromatherapy or reflexology. To to the full implement the word holistically into a intervention, it must suit into one of the classs of holding an consequence on one or more of the, psychological, physiology and physical factors and with this significance massage is non a â€Å" entirely, Holistic † intervention. Introducing the essay capable massage, it should be stated that many healers believe that massage is non a topic which can be used under the header of complementary therapy, and should that rub down should be wholly separate to this subdivision of health care. However, it seems in this twenty-four hours and age anything that goes against the â€Å" conventional † and Orthodox interventions of the western universe is now a complementary or alternate therapy. To to the full implement the word holistically into a intervention, it must suit into one of the classs of holding an consequence on one or more of the, psychological, physiology and physical factors. The significance or interlingual rendition of massage comes from the Arabic â€Å" Mass significance to press, â€Å" the Chinese phrase â€Å" anmo and amma † to intend the â€Å" imperativeness – hang-up † and tuina significance to â€Å" push-pull † . † ( Fritz ( 2009 ) ) . While the Greek use the term â€Å" massein † which is translated as knead and the Arabic â€Å" mass'h † to intend imperativeness quietly. Among the most noteworthy mentions to the definition of massage it is described really similar from century to century, Holey and Cook ( 2004 ) gives a assortment of definitions as to what is a usher to definitions on the topic, in â€Å" Evidence – Based Curative Massage † a assortment of different definitions are given: â€Å" Massage is the term used to show scientific uses which are performed by the custodies of the operator upon the organic structure of the patient†¦ and is a natural method of reconstructing the portion, either locally or by and large injured, to its normal status. ( Ross ( 1907 ) . â€Å" †¦ massage may be described as a scientific manner of handling some signifiers of disease, by external uses, applied in a assortment of ways to the soft tissues of the organic structure † . ( Goodall- Copestake ( 1926 ) ) . â€Å" †¦ massage uses may be stationary or progressive ; they may be variable in strength of force per unit area exerted, surface country treated and frequence of application † . ( Westland ( 1993 ) ) . Massage has been used by many civilizations and is besides known as the â€Å" laying on of custodies † from Christianity. But massage is something that as human being is natural in our being and mind, when a individual hurts themselves the natural action is to rub the country. Massage has a huge history, from Country to Country and from civilization to civilization. Massage has been used within the Chinese tradition for many centuries, developed from every bit early as â€Å" A.D. , 589-617 † , ( Fritz ( 2009 ) ) , the Chinese tradition uses the methods of kneading and musculus uses to alleviate different types of wellness job or unwellness. Handss were the first most common signifier of tool for supplying this type of pattern to the organic structure, but developing this therapy, came adding tools like little acerate leafs to specific countries â€Å" medians † to the organic structure to impart and unblock energy. Based on the original Chinese impression of â€Å" chi † and the blocking of the 12 acmes that impair good wellness, were taken and adapted by the Nipponese techniques of massage and what the Chinese phrase â€Å" Qi † the Japanese termed â€Å" Ki † . Parry ( 2010 ) explains that â€Å" †¦ if Ki is fluxing swimmingly around the medians, so the individual will remain in good wellness. † ( Parry ( 2010 ) . The Nipponese massage, Shiatsu, is said to replace and equilibrate the â€Å" Qi † , or the critical energy that flows throughout certain â€Å" medians † of the organic structure. In Indian medical specialty the intervention of â€Å" Ayurveda † is given to patients. It is debatable to discourse this type of therapy as complementary due to the fact it is â€Å" Ayuvedic † medical specialty that is usually used. The term â€Å" Ayuvedic † treats the organic structure as a whole and non dividing each symptom individually. This type of Indian medical intervention has been has been common topographic point for centuries and so much so, Ayuvedic patterns are built on to conventional, Western known infirmaries. The usage of massage in this therapy is to chiefly to detoxicate and liberate up the musculuss of the organic structure. The type of massage Indian Ayurveda physicians use are to hike energy degrees and usage motions named â€Å" shampooing † ( Gould ( 2004 ) ) , to help this consequence. The Greek ‘s used massage therapies to help recovery and assist preparatory exercisings for jocks, but most of import were the interventions given to gymnasts, making a new system of massage techniques for helping preparation strength. A celebrated Grecian doctor, Hippocrates ( 460-370 BCE ) , taught that massage and touch, specifically in a certain ways, utilizing gestures like stroking and rubbing, benefited the bosom and blood circulation of a patient as a proviso for mending. It is documented that: â€Å" Rubing can adhere and loosen, can do flesh and cause parts to waste ; difficult friction binds, soft friction loosens ; much friction causes parts to blow, moderate friction makes them turn. † ( Hippocrates 460-370 ) Hippocrates the â€Å" Father of Medicine † ( Braun and Simonson ( 2005 ) inspired a huge sum of professionals to research more the effects of massage. Roman doctor, Galen ( 130-201 CE ) added to the instructions of Hippocrates by discoursing how specific motion techniques could profit the bosom and circulation, ensuing in the fix of hurts quicker. Galen was instrumental in the apprehension of musculus fibres and stroking motions which aided wellbeing. Another â€Å" initiation male parent † , Per Henrik Ling ( 1776-1839 ) , a Swedish born healer took the instructions of the Chinese and Greeks and developed the impression of massage as a mending force earnestly. Ling, travelled the universe larning different massage techniques, he based his surveies specifically with gymnasts. He took what he learnt from the Eastern universe and developed the â€Å" Ling system, Swedish Massage, or the Swedish motion remedy † ( Salvo ( 2003 ) ) which we may now give voice as â€Å" Swedish Massage † . Ling used his massage rules when set uping the Sweden â€Å" Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics. â€Å" ( Salvo ( 2003 ) ) . Ling ‘s instructions were categorized into four different techniques of motion, ( 1 ) aesthetic, ( the cognition and usage of feeling or emotions, ( 2 ) educational, ( learning the organic structure how to keep its ain position ) , ( 3 ) medical ( rectifying certain defects in the organic structure ) and ( 4 ) armed forces ( usage of toughening the organic structure musculuss ) and besides included the footings given to different types of motion, like that of â€Å" active † and â€Å" inactive † . Dr Johan Mezger ( 1838-1909 ) , used the work of Ling and began calling techniques of massage such as â€Å" effleurage † and â€Å" tapotement † . Further to this work, Dr Emil Kleen took techniques further and discussed the motions effects on the assorted organic structure systems. Kleen ‘s book â€Å" The Handbook of Massage † gave a elaborate system of session lineations and specific safety recommendations. In the United Kingdom during the early 1900s, the term â€Å" massage † had been overly used in the incorrect footings, and were symbolical with the solicitation and pattern of â€Å" harlotry † ( Braun ( 2005 ) ) and houses of discredit, this was the distressing position of the British Medical Association ( BMA ) . The BMA was the first to show dismay towards the massage therapies. The constitution of The Society of Trained Masseurs ‘ in 1894 gave manner to healers holding to hold specific makings to pattern safely and outlined demands that healers must hold a on the job cognition of anatomy and physiology. This was so changed to the Incorporated Society of Trained Masseuses and so The Chartered Society of Trained Massage and Remedial Gymnastics. However, the United States of America embraced the usage of massage and used the footings otherwise, the word massage went from strength to strength and massage healers were extremely qualified and trained professionals. Two really influential people in the USA who provided grounds for massage therapy working within the health care systems, was Dr. George Taylor ( 1850 ) who took the massage techniques of Ling and reproduced them, he established the Remedial Hygiene Institute. Deems taylors used the Ling system and worked around it he represented his surveies as â€Å" Movement Remedy † . The other influential author was Dr John Harvey Kellogg ( 1842-1953 ) , he specialized in the intervention of massage and gave documented surveies in American sanatariums â€Å" analyzing mechanical, automatic and metabolic effects of massage on the different systems of the organic structure † , ( Braun ( 2005 ) ) . Kellogg ‘s book â€Å" The Art of Massage † 1895 gave det ailed anatomical mention to rub down applications. His work was an outstanding influence of massage during this period and is still used extensively today. As illustrated the historical background to massage is huge, during the past century massage has been given expansive prestigiousness and has found its ain manner into the Orthodox medical patterns that are used today. The National Health Service ( NHS ) are now more significantly altering their referral system and include assorted types of complementary therapy, included is that of massage. Many nurses and nurse practicians hold excess preparation certifications and making to utilize massage in their attention of patients.